======================================================
= 1903 Wright Flyer                                  =
= for FlightGear with LaRCsim and the UIUC Aeromodel =
=                                                    =
= Flight model by:                                   =
= Michael Selig, et al  (m-selig@uiuc.edu)           =
= http://amber.aae.uiuc.edu/~m-selig/apasim.html     =
=                                                    =
= Visual model by:                                   =
= Jim Wilson (jimw@kelcomaine.com)                   =
======================================================

To run, try:

fgfs --aircraft=wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl-uiuc --disable-random-objects

Files and directory structure required in $FG_ROOT/Aircraft/ to fly the
model:

wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl-uiuc-set.xml
wrightFlyer1903/Sounds/uiuc/wrightFlyer1903-sound.xml
UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/aircraft.dat
UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/CDfa.dat
UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/Cmfa2.dat
UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/Cmfade6.dat
UIUC/wrightFlyer1903-v1-nl/CLfade.dat
wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw-01.rgb ... snapshot from 11/9/02
wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw-02.rgb
wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw-03.rgb
wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw.ac
wrightFlyer1903/Models/WrightFlyer-pb-jw.xml

These files above come with the FlightGear base package.

Files and directory structure required in $FG_ROOT/Aircraft/ to see the
external 3D model

wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/03Flyer.mdl
wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/flywheel.bmp
wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/panel.bmp
wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/pilotook.bmp
wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/sprocket_32.bmp
wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/wing2_32.bmp
wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/wing2.bmp
wrightFlyer1903/Models/uiuc/03Flyer/03Flyer-model.xml

Other external models can be found, but they will not be as good as
the FGFS customized one from Jim Wilson.  The other sites:

http://home.t-online.de/home/Wolfram.Kuss/FGFS1/FGFS1.htm

and

http://www.flightxpress.de/files/0402/FS2002/Flugzeuge/wright03.zip

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Model description and updates:

11/9/02 - Made mention of Jim Wilson's 3D model in this file.

5/26/02 - First release: v1-nl

* This model is based partly on wind tunnel tests of a 1903 Wright
  Flyer replica tested at NASA Ames by a group lead by Prof Culick at
  Caltech.  The model is a nonlinear model, meaning that stall is
  included.  Because the replica was not tested to stall, data in this
  regime had to be deduced from a number of different sources,
  including low Reynolds number airfoil data taken at UIUC.

* Wonder what it was like to fly the 1903 Wright Flyer?  Be a test
  pilot.  See the longitudinal static instability.  Fly steady,
  straight and level using some trim to help relieve pressure on the
  stick, then put in a brief canard pulse (elevator stick) so as not
  to change the trim speed.  With an up canard pulse and hands off the
  stick, the Wright Flyer will start to pitch upwards until it
  stalls. Down pulse, and it goes down.  This same instability is seen
  by simply trying to fly straight and level!  The rates are low
  enough that a good pilot with practice can stay ahead of the static
  instability.  Stall can get pretty nasty if both the canard and
  biplane wing stall at the same time. Typically, however, only the
  canard will stall first.  Full up elevator can be used to fly out of
  the dive.  But in this condition the canard is stalled. Relieving
  the back pressure will move the canard out of stall and the pull-out
  will be a little bit faster, but the difference is hard to notice.
  Keep in mind that this aircraft was flown four times before it was
  damaged on Dec 17, 1903.  The first flight was 120 feet in 12
  seconds, and the last was 852 feet in 59 seconds.  How far can you
  fly?

* Run with the FGFS "enable-auto-coordination" option (see run command
  at the top of this file) to model the coupling between the wing
  warping and rudder to counteract the adverse yaw effect of the wing
  warping.  The amount of coupling has been tuned to match that on the
  original Wright Flyer.  The resulting handling is not that great.
  For later designs, the Wright Brothers decoupled the warping and
  rudder to have more control and the ability to fly in coordinated
  flight ("cross-controls").

* Finally, it's a hand full!

* References:
 
  - Culick, F.E.C. and Jex, H.R., "Aerodynamics, Stability and
    Control of the 1903 Wright Flyer," Proceedings of The Wright
    Flyer: An Engineering Perspective, National Air and Space Museum,
    Smithsonian Institution, 1985.

  - Jex, H.R. and Culick, F.E.C., "Flight Control Dynamics of the
    1903 Wright Flyer," 12th AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics
    Conference, AIAA Paper 85-1804-CP, 1985.

  - Jex, H, Grimm, R., Latz, J.P., and Hange, C., "Full-Scale 1903
    Wright Flyer Wind Tunnel Test Results From the NASA Ames Research
    Center", AIAA 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA Paper
    2000-0512, 2000.

  - Various other sources including 
    http://www.wrightflyer.org/Papers/papers.html
    http://amber.aae.uiuc.edu/~m-selig/uiuc_lsat.html (low Re data)


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




**************************************************
 Prof. Michael S. Selig
 Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 306 Talbot Laboratory
 104 South Wright Street
 Urbana, IL 61801-2935
 (217) 244-5757 (o), (509) 691-1373 (fax)
 m-selig@uiuc.edu
 http://www.uiuc.edu/~m-selig
**************************************************